African drums are not merely musical instruments; they are cultural artifacts that carry the rich heritage and traditions of numerous African societies. From the heart of the continent, these drums have traveled across the globe, captivating audiences with their unique sounds, intricate designs, and profound cultural significance. The process of making an African drum is a blend of artistry, craftsmanship, and tradition, involving a series of meticulous steps that ensure the final product is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the intricate process of making African drums, focusing on the traditional methods and materials used. We will delve into the various types of African drums, the tools and techniques required for their construction, and the cultural significance of each step in the process. By the end of this guide, you will have a deeper understanding of the artistry and craftsmanship that goes into making these remarkable musical instruments.
Types of African Drums
Before diving into the process of making African drums, it is essential to understand the diverse range of instruments that fall under this category. African drums can be broadly classified into several types based on their shape, size, material, and cultural origin. Some of the most popular types include:
Djembe: Originating from West Africa, particularly Guinea, the Djembe is a goblet-shaped drum with a narrow neck and a wide base. It is played with the hands, producing a rich, resonant sound that is ideal for both solo performances and ensemble playing.
Bongo: These small, hourglass-shaped drums are commonly used in Central and West African music. They are played with the fingers and thumbs, producing a bright, percussive sound that is perfect for rhythmic accompaniment.
Conga: Also known as the Tumba or Quinto, the Conga is a tall, narrow drum with a flared base. It is played with the hands and fingers, producing a deep, bass-heavy sound that is essential in Latin and Caribbean music.
Ashiko: This drum, native to Nigeria, is characterized by its hourglass shape and goatskin head. It is played with sticks or bare hands, producing a sharp, staccato sound that is ideal for dance music.
Dunun: A set of small, tuned drums used in West African music. They are played with the hands or sticks, producing a range of pitches that complement the Djembe and other instruments.
Materials and Tools for Drum Making
The materials and tools used for making African drums vary depending on the type of drum being constructed and the cultural traditions of the region. However, there are some common materials and tools that are essential for the process:
Wood: The body of the drum is typically made from hardwood, such as mahogany, oak, or ebony. The choice of wood affects the sound quality, durability, and appearance of the drum.
Animal Skin: The drumhead is usually made from animal skin, such as goat, cow, or sheep hide. The skin is stretched over the drum body and secured with ropes or hooks. The tension of the skin can be adjusted to tune the drum to the desired pitch.
Rope or Leather Straps: These are used to secure the drumhead to the drum body and to adjust the tension of the skin. They can be made from natural fibers, such as cotton or hemp, or synthetic materials.
Tools: The tools required for drum making include knives, saws, sandpaper, hammers, and drills. These tools are used for cutting, shaping, sanding, and assembling the various components of the drum.
The Process of Making African Drums
The process of making African drums can be broken down into several stages, each requiring careful attention to detail and precision. Below, we will explore the steps involved in making a traditional Djembe drum, as it is one of the most popular and widely recognized types of African drums.
Preparing the Wood
Selecting the Wood: The first step in making a Djembe drum is selecting the right type of wood. The wood should be hard, durable, and have a good sound quality. Mahogany and oak are popular choices for their rich tone and aesthetic appeal.
Cutting the Wood: The selected wood is then cut into the desired shape and size for the drum body. This typically involves cutting the wood into a cylindrical shape, with one end slightly narrower than the other to form the neck of the drum.
Shaping the Wood: Once the wood is cut to size, it is shaped using a lathe or hand tools. The exterior of the drum is carved with intricate designs, often reflecting cultural motifs or symbols. The interior of the drum is hollowed out to create a resonance chamber, which amplifies the sound of the drumhead.
Preparing the Drumhead
Selecting the Skin: The drumhead is made from animal skin, such as goat or cowhide. The skin should be thick, durable, and have a good elastic quality. It is important to select a skin that is free from defects, such as cracks or scars.
Treating the Skin: The selected skin is then treated to remove any hair, fat, or impurities. This involves soaking the skin in water, scraping it with a knife or scraper, and then drying it thoroughly. The skin is then stretched over a frame or hoop to maintain its shape and tension.
Assembling the Drum
Attaching the Drumhead: The treated skin is then attached to the drum body using ropes or leather straps. The straps are tied around the neck of the drum and the base, securing the skin in place. The tension of the straps can be adjusted to tune the drum to the desired pitch.
Finishing the Drum: Once the drumhead is attached, the exterior of the drum is sanded and polished to create a smooth, finished surface. The drum may also be painted or decorated with cultural motifs or symbols to reflect its cultural heritage.
Tuning and Testing
Tuning the Drum: The final step in making a Djembe drum is tuning it to the desired pitch. This involves adjusting the tension of the drumhead straps until the drum produces a clear, resonant sound. The pitch of the drum can be adjusted by tightening or loosening the straps, which alters the tension of the skin.
Testing the Drum: Once the drum is tuned, it is tested to ensure that it produces a good sound and is free from any defects. The drum is played with the hands, and the sound quality, volume, and sustain are evaluated. If necessary, adjustments are made to the tension of the drumhead or the shape of the drum body to improve the sound.
Cultural Significance and Variations
The process of making African drums is not merely a technical endeavor; it is deeply rooted in cultural traditions and practices. Each step in the process, from selecting the wood and skin to carving the designs and tuning the drum, reflects the cultural heritage and artistic expression of the region.
Moreover, the variations in drum making across different African societies reflect the diverse musical traditions and cultural identities of the continent. For example, the Djembe drum is closely associated with West African cultures, while the Ashiko drum is native to Nigeria. Each type of drum has its own unique sound, playing technique, and cultural significance.
Conclusion
The process of making African drums is a blend of artistry, craftsmanship, and tradition. It involves a series of meticulous steps, from selecting the right materials and tools to shaping, assembling, and tuning the drum. Each step in the process reflects the cultural heritage and artistic expression of the region, making each drum a unique and precious artifact.
