The Irish drum, often known as the bodhrán, is a fundamental instrument in Irish traditional music, carrying with it centuries of cultural heritage. Its unique sound and rhythmic patterns have been an integral part of Irish folk gatherings, celebrations, and musical performances. Playing the Irish drum is not just about creating beats; it’s about immersing yourself in the rich tapestry of Irish culture and expressing the soulful, energetic rhythms that are characteristic of the genre.
Understanding the Irish Drum (Bodhrán)
Anatomy of the Bodhrán
Before you start playing, it’s essential to familiarize yourself with the different parts of the Irish drum. A traditional bodhrán consists of the following components:
Frame: The frame of the bodhrán is typically made from wood, such as ash or maple. It is round in shape and can vary in size, with common diameters ranging from 14 to 18 inches. The frame provides the structure and support for the drumhead.
Drumhead: The drumhead is stretched over the frame and is usually made from goatskin or calfskin. The skin is treated to make it durable and responsive. The quality of the drumhead greatly affects the sound of the bodhrán, with different skins producing slightly different tones and timbres.
Handle: Most bodhráns have a handle attached to the back of the frame. This handle allows the player to hold the drum comfortably and provides stability during playing. The handle can be made from wood or other materials and is often shaped to fit the hand ergonomically.
Tuning Rings (Optional): Some modern bodhráns come with tuning rings. These rings are placed around the edge of the drumhead and can be tightened or loosened to adjust the pitch of the drum. Tuning rings give the player more control over the sound, allowing them to customize the tone according to their preferences or the requirements of the music.
Types of Bodhráns
There are several types of bodhráns available, each with its own characteristics:
Traditional Bodhrán: This is the classic version of the Irish drum, with a simple wooden frame and a natural skin drumhead. Traditional bodhráns are often hand – crafted and have a more rustic, organic sound that is highly valued in traditional Irish music settings.
Tuned Bodhrán: As mentioned earlier, tuned bodhráns feature tuning rings, which make it easier to adjust the pitch. They are popular among musicians who need to play in different keys or who want more flexibility in their sound. Tuned bodhráns can be a good choice for beginners as they offer more control over the drum’s tone.
Electric Bodhrán: In recent years, electric bodhráns have emerged, which are equipped with pickups and can be connected to amplifiers or sound systems. Electric bodhráns are useful for performances in larger venues or when playing in a band with other amplified instruments, as they allow the bodhrán’s sound to be heard more clearly over the other music.
Getting Started with Basic Techniques
Holding the Bodhrán
The way you hold the bodhrán is crucial for comfortable and effective playing. Here’s how to hold it correctly:
Positioning: Sit on a chair with your back straight. Hold the bodhrán in your non-dominant hand, gripping the handle firmly. The drum should be held at a slight angle, with the drumhead facing slightly upwards. The center of the drum should be at about chest height, allowing you to reach all areas of the drumhead easily.
Hand Placement: Use your non-dominant hand to support the drum, keeping your fingers spread out around the frame for stability. Your dominant hand will be used to strike the drumhead. Make sure your wrists are relaxed, as tension in the wrists can lead to fatigue and affect your playing.
Choosing the Right Beater
The beater, also known as the tipper, is the tool used to strike the drumhead. There are different types of beaters available, each producing a different sound:
Wooden Beaters: Wooden beaters are the most common type and are widely used in traditional Irish drumming. They come in various shapes and sizes, with some having a flat end and others having a rounded or pointed end. Wooden beaters produce a warm, rich sound and are great for creating a variety of rhythms and accents.
Plastic Beaters: Plastic beaters are often lighter than wooden ones and can produce a brighter, more articulate sound. They are a good option for players who prefer a more defined tone or for playing in faster – paced music.
Bone or Horn Beaters: These beaters are less common but are prized for their unique sound. They can produce a very crisp and clear tone, similar to that of a wooden beater but with a slightly different character.
Basic Strokes
Once you have the bodhrán held correctly and have chosen a beater, it’s time to learn some basic strokes:
Single Stroke: The single stroke is the most fundamental stroke in bodhrán playing. Hold the beater between your thumb and first two fingers, with your wrist relaxed. Strike the drumhead with a quick, downward motion, using the tip of the beater. The stroke should originate from the wrist, not the arm. Aim to strike the drumhead in the center for a full, resonant sound. Practice single strokes at a slow, steady pace, focusing on making each stroke clear and consistent.
Roll: A roll is a series of rapid, repeated strokes that create a continuous, sustained sound. To play a roll, hold the beater near the end and use a quick, flicking motion of the wrist to strike the drumhead in rapid succession. Start with a slow roll and gradually increase the speed as you get more comfortable. You can vary the pressure of the strokes to create dynamics in the roll, making it louder or softer as needed.
Accent Stroke: An accent stroke is used to emphasize a particular beat or note in a rhythm. To play an accent stroke, strike the drumhead with more force than a regular single stroke. This will make the sound louder and more prominent. Accent strokes are often used to add emphasis and drive to the rhythm, especially in traditional Irish dance music.
Learning Traditional Irish Rhythms
The Importance of Rhythm in Irish Music
Rhythm is the heart of Irish music, and the bodhrán plays a vital role in creating and maintaining the rhythm. Irish rhythms are characterized by their unique patterns, syncopations, and accents, which give the music its distinctive feel. Learning traditional Irish rhythms is essential for playing the bodhrán in an authentic way.
Common Irish Rhythms
The Single Jig: The single jig is a lively rhythm with a 6/8 time signature. It has a characteristic “triplet feel,” where each beat is divided into three equal parts. The basic rhythm of the single jig on the bodhrán often involves a combination of single strokes, rolls, and accent strokes. For example, you might play a single stroke on the first beat, a roll on the second and third beats, an accent stroke on the fourth beat, and then repeat the pattern.
The Double Jig: The double jig also has a 6/8 time signature but is generally faster than the single jig. It has a more driving, energetic feel. The bodhrán part in a double jig often features more complex patterns, with rapid rolls and accents to keep up with the fast tempo. You might play a series of quick rolls on the first three beats, followed by an accent stroke on the fourth beat, and then continue with variations of this pattern.
The Reel: The reel is a popular rhythm in Irish music with a 4/4 time signature. It has a bouncy, upbeat feel. In a reel, the bodhrán can be used to create a steady, driving rhythm, often with a combination of single strokes on the downbeats and rolls or accents on the off-beats. For instance, you could play a single stroke on beats 1 and 3, and a roll or an accent stroke on beats 2 and 4.
Practicing Rhythms
Listen to Irish Music: One of the best ways to learn Irish rhythms is to listen to traditional Irish music. Pay close attention to the bodhrán parts in the songs and try to identify the different rhythms and patterns. You can find a wide variety of Irish music on streaming platforms, YouTube, or by listening to traditional Irish bands and musicians.
Use Rhythm Exercises: There are many rhythm exercises available that can help you practice and master Irish rhythms. Start by practicing simple rhythms slowly, using a metronome to keep a steady tempo. As you get more comfortable, gradually increase the speed and complexity of the rhythms. You can also try playing along with recorded Irish music to improve your timing and feel for the rhythms.
Advanced Techniques and Styles
Ornamentation
Ornamentation is an important aspect of Irish drumming, adding flair and expression to the music. Some common ornamentation techniques for the bodhrán include:
Tap-Taps: Tap-taps are quick, light strokes that are used to add a decorative touch to the rhythm. To play a tap-tap, lightly tap the drumhead with the beater, making a soft, delicate sound. Tap-taps are often used in between the main beats or as part of a fill to add variety to the rhythm.
Flams: A flam is a technique where two strokes are played almost simultaneously, with one stroke slightly louder than the other. To play a flam, hold the beater in a way that allows you to strike the drumhead with two different parts of the beater at the same time. Flams can be used to add emphasis or to create a more complex sound in the rhythm.
Fills and Breaks
Fills and breaks are used to add interest and variation to the music. A fill is a short musical phrase that is played in between the main sections of a song, while a break is a short pause in the music that is often filled with a rhythmic pattern.
Creating Fills: To create a fill on the bodhrán, you can use a combination of different strokes and rhythms. For example, you might play a series of fast rolls, followed by a few accent strokes, and then end with a single stroke. Experiment with different combinations of strokes to create unique and interesting fills that fit the style of the music.
Playing Breaks: Breaks on the bodhrán can be used to add tension and release in the music. During a break, you can play a simple, repetitive rhythm or use ornamentation to create a more complex sound. Breaks are often used in Irish dance music to signal a change in the dance steps or to add a dramatic effect to the performance.
Different Styles of Irish Drumming
Sligo Style: The Sligo style of Irish drumming is known for its fast, energetic rhythms and intricate patterns. Drummers in this style often use a lot of rolls and accents to create a driving, powerful sound. The Sligo style is commonly associated with traditional Irish fiddle music and is a popular style for playing Irish dance music.
Donegal Style: The Donegal style has a more laid-back, melodic feel compared to the Sligo style. Drummers in this style focus more on creating a smooth, flowing rhythm and use less aggressive strokes. The Donegal style often incorporates more ornamentation and subtle variations in the rhythm to add depth and expression to the music.
Maintenance and Care of the Bodhrán
Cleaning the Bodhrán
Regular cleaning is important to keep your bodhrán in good condition. Use a soft, dry cloth to wipe the frame and the drumhead of the bodhrán, removing any dust or dirt. Avoid using water or cleaning products on the drumhead, as this can damage the skin and affect the sound of the drum. If the drumhead becomes dirty or stained, you can use a mild leather cleaner specifically designed for drumheads, but be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully.
Tuning the Bodhrán (if applicable)
If your bodhrán has tuning rings, it’s important to tune it regularly to ensure the best sound. To tune the bodhrán, use a tuning key to tighten or loosen the tuning rings. As you tighten the rings, the pitch of the drum will increase, and as you loosen them, the pitch will decrease. When tuning, listen carefully to the sound of the drum and make small adjustments until you achieve the desired pitch. It’s a good idea to tune the bodhrán before each practice session or performance.
Storage
When not in use, store your bodhrán in a cool, dry place. Avoid storing the drum in direct sunlight or in an area with high humidity, as this can cause the wood to warp and the drumhead to deteriorate. You can use a drum bag or a case to protect the bodhrán from dust, scratches, and other damage. If you’re traveling with your bodhrán, make sure to pack it securely to prevent it from getting damaged during transit.
Conclusion
Learning to play the Irish drum, or bodhrán, is a journey that combines musical skill, cultural appreciation, and personal expression. From understanding the instrument’s structure and choosing the right beater to mastering basic strokes, traditional rhythms, and advanced techniques, there is much to explore and discover. By listening to Irish music, practicing regularly, and learning from experienced players, you can gradually develop your own unique style of playing. Remember to take good care of your bodhrán, as proper maintenance will ensure that it continues to produce beautiful music for years to come. Whether you’re playing for your own enjoyment, performing with a band, or participating in a traditional Irish music session, the bodhrán offers a rich and rewarding musical experience that is deeply rooted in the heart of Irish culture. So, pick up your bodhrán, start practicing, and let the rhythms of Ireland guide your musical journey.
